Fig. 8

Function prediction. A Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis showing the 15 functions with the greatest differences between PDAC patients and HCs. An LDA score > 3.5 and a false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected p value < 0.05 were considered significant. B Log-transformed counts of the top 4 differing predicted functions for FPDAC vs. FHC and IPDAC vs. IHC. Significance was tested using the Mann–Whitney U test with FDR correction, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Annotations of the KO terms were retrieved from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. FPDAC, Finnish pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); FHC, Finnish healthy control; IPDAC, Iranian PDAC; IHC, Iranian healthy control