Fig. 3

Gut microbiota composition and differentially abundant OTUs. A Average composition of the gut microbiota (relative abundance) of FPDAC (n = 33), FHC (n = 35), IPDAC (n = 50), and IHC (n = 34) at the phylum, class, family, and genus levels, with the most abundant taxa listed. B Venn diagram visualizing unique and shared OTUs between the groups. The bracketed numbers refer to the differentially abundant OTUs in each group comparison. FHC, Finnish HC; FPDAC, Finnish PDAC; HC, healthy control; IHC, Iranian HC; IPDAC, Iranian PDAC; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma